How To Call Your Lover In Chinese

In line with the mutual relationship of yin and yang emphasized by the Book of Changes and Daoism, marriages were largely understood as being a deferential equivalence. The wedding rites in the Record of Rituals say that marriages are important for maintaining ancestral sacrifice and family lineages. The text describes that when a groom gives a salute, the bride can sit, and that during the ceremony they should eat at the same table and drink from the same bottle to display their mutual affection, trust, and support. This also aligns the woman, who had no official rank of her own, with her husband's rank. The Record of Rituals further records that during China's first dynasties, enlightened monarchs respected their wives and children, and that this is in line with natural order or dao.

What To Call Your Girlfriend In Chinese The Xiaojing also says that rulers should never insult even their concubines, let alone their wives. Although only leaders are mentioned, according to Chinese ethical systems people are supposed to emanate their superiors, so this deference would ideally be practiced in every household. For men this meant learning, working, and carrying on the ancestral line.

Women were in charge of household affairs and principally responsible for producing a male heir. If they failed in the latter, their martial function was largely unfulfilled, which reflected poorly on the husband, as well. Since the women's function was largely mechanistic, her status was much lower and she was essentially anonymous, without independent social standing.

Legally, men owned their wives, and there was often little practical recourse for a woman against her husband, even though the laws of certain periods allowed for it. Some of you may have a Chinese girlfriend or boyfriend. How do you usually express your love for your beloved ones by calling him/her sweet names?

Some couples may even not show their affections in public. However, with the development of the society, Chinese people born after the 1980's are rebellious generations. Below are the commonly used Chinese nicknames for your loved ones. The specific operational mode for maintaining this social order and its gender distinctions is li, propriety or ritual. The Record of Rituals focuses much of its discourse on specific rules regarding distinct practices reserved for certain individuals through gender categorization.

In this way, wedding ceremonies are the root of propriety. Marriage is especially important because it is politically valuable for establishing and sustaining social order through designated male-female relations. In the Record of Rituals, men and women are asked to observe strict separation in society and uphold the distinction between the outer and inner. The Record of Rituals also tells us that the rites as a couple begin with gender responsibilities. It states, for example, that when outside the home the husband is supposed to lead the way and that the wife should follow. However, within the home women were supposed to obey men as well, even boys.

Before marriage, a girl was expected to listen to her father, and then after marriage to be obedient to her husband, or to their sons if he died. These general guidelines are commonly referred to in other texts as the sancong side or "three obediences and four virtues," which dominated theories of proper social ordering for most of China's history. In terms of actual practice, the more generalized and stable affiliation between yin as female and yang as male often won out, as exemplified by Wang's idea. It was commonly appropriated as an ideological tool for backing the oppression of women, especially after Dong Zhongshu's theories took hold.

While he allows for men to be understood as yin and women as yang in certain contexts, overall he sought to limit the scope of such reversals. For Dong, males are dominant, powerful, and moral, and therefore yang. Women, on the other hand, are precisely the opposite—subservient, weak, selfish, and jealous—and best described as yin. As a result, female virtues became largely oriented toward social roles, especially women's duties as wives . Against this biased intellectual background, oppressive practices were supported and initiated.

For instance, the widespread acceptance of concubinage and female foot binding in Chinese social history expressed the inequality between genders. The original meaning of yin and yang had little to do with gender differences. Some of the earliest uses of yin and yang are found in the Shangshu .

Here, the word yang is employed six times, and five times it denotes the southern side of mountains, which receives the most sunlight. The term yin appears three times in the text, and refers to the shadier northern side of mountains. These examples are characteristic of how yin and yang function throughout Chinese intellectual history; they do not refer to particular objects, but act as correlative categorizations. In most instances yin and yang are used to indicate a specific relationship within a determined context.

The way sunshine falls on a mountain is the context, and the difference between the northern and southern sides, where the latter receives more light and warmth, determines their association, which is understood as yin and yang. The terms are thereby an expression of the function of the sun on a particular place, but they do not speak to the actual substance of the objects themselves. The specific traits of the objects can only be designated yin and yang in their functional correlation to one another.

Within this matrix, yin things share commonalities when viewed in relation to yang things. There seem to be a variety of languages with pet names, too. In Spain I heard the term "Media Naranja," meaning half-orange, suggesting that the romantic partners are two halves of the whole. The BBC did its own international roundup 2013, which dug up terms like "Chang Noi" in Thai, "Ghazal" in Arabic and several inventive examples from readers. On most days, he can be your favorite person, but on other days, he can annoy you and make you say, "Arrgh!

" Finding appropriate nicknames for a boyfriend to catch his attention and make him special and unique will be fun, whether your partner is cute, passionate, jealous, or lazy. You may also offer him nicknames that reflect his quirks or come up with a cute one to make him feel loved. Nicknames may also spice up your dull texts, which is especially useful if you're in a long-distance relationship. Delve into this list for a comprehensive list of nicknames you can use to refer to your partner.

In the Baihutong , which is a collection of court debates from the later Han dynasty, discourse on Dong's guidelines is taken further. During this time, Confucianism was established as the official state ideology and heavily influenced many areas of politics, including court functioning, policies, and education. This, in turn, provided the foundation for a Confucian society in which this ideology successfully penetrated the daily lives of the state's entire populace. Dong's interpretation of ancient texts, including his reading of gender cosmology, became especially powerful as Confucianism believes that the basis for social order and morality begins in human interaction, not individuals. In this context, people are mainly understood according to their roles in society or relationships with others, which were already established as naturally hierarchical in the Analects (the record of Confucius's actions and words). Dong's work added a distinct favoring of male over female that became increasingly established and widespread as Confucianism became increasingly influential.

Conceived of as analogous to the relationship between rulers and ministers, teachers and students, or parents and children, the two sexes were generally assumed to be a natural ordering of the superior and inferior. A quick search of the literature reveals just how little these issues have been studied scientifically. The evidence that's out there is largely based on a smattering of surveys, which didn't capture an entirely representative sample of forms of love.

It doesn't seem like anyone has made any distinctions between heterosexual and homosexual couples with regard to the use of pet names–perhaps it's not relevant? –or compared how pet names are used in the United States versus other countries. But from what has been studied, and from the experience of several experts, it seems nicknames can be a good thing for a relationship – if both partners are into it. Calling your partner "baby" may be weird, but relationship counselors tend to think using pet names is generally healthy; they help couples create a private world.

"When affection is strong, using a proper name seems almost inappropriate," said psychologist Steven Stosny. 116 couples said they used at least one idiom; altogether, the couples reported a total of 370. Bruess and Pearson discovered a strong positive correlation between marital satisfaction and reported number of idioms, though both variables declined as couples aged. But, the best nicknames will always have a special meaning — often that only the two of you will understand. Maybe you called her "bunny" because she wiggles her nose or likes to have sex… a lot. Maybe she is a mini Alex Trebek, so you called her JEOPARDY!

It may not seem romantic on the surface, but she will appreciate you recognizing her for her brain. If she is a ginger with an Anne of Green Gables obsession? You might even get away with calling her "Carrots." What is she good at? Nicknames can just be cute pet names with no meaning. But, if you can find a way to personalize it, it will mean that much more to her… and you.

The sancong can also be regarded as a forerunner to the san gang, or "three cardinal guides," of the later Han dynasty ( C.E.). The three cardinal guides were put forward by the aforementioned Dong Zhongshu and contributed greatly to integrating yin and yang gender cosmology into the framework of Confucian ethics. These guides are regulations about relationships—they are defined as the ruler guiding ministers, fathers guiding sons, and husbands guiding wives. Although these rules lack specific content, they do provide a general understanding for ordering society that is concentrated on proper relationships, which is the basic element for morality in many Confucian texts. The partiality shown toward the elevated position of husbands is only further bolstered by the other two relationships being completely male-based. Moreover, the ranking of the relationships themselves are hierarchical, relegating women to the lowest level of this order.

This is a cute selection of cute names to call your girlfriend in English. Giving her one of these pet names below is a beautiful way to make her feel special, loved, and, most importantly, appreciated. Saying I love you to someone is a way of telling them that you appreciate them. It is also a way to express your feelings to someone that will make them feel loved and cared for. I love you is not just a word that is used during Valentine's day but it is also often used to maintain a good romantic relationship so why not level it up? Learn how to say I love you in Cantonese and other romantic phrases to tell your loved one.

Go with "wǒ xǐ huān nǐ" (我喜欢你) to express romantic feelings. A Chinese person would probably look at you strangely if you said "wǒ ài nǐ" (我爱你) to them — especially someone you just started dating or have a crush on. A literal translation of the phrase "wǒ xǐ huān nǐ" (我喜欢你) would be "I like you," but it is actually the most common way to say "I love you" in Mandarin Chinese.

Tiffany Li arrives at the courthouse in Redwood City, Calif., in 2019. February is considered the month of love because of Valentine's day. Giving gifts to your partner is part of the culture of the locals in Hong Kong. For some, this is the day to make the person you love feel extra loved and cared and for some, it is the perfect opportunity to confess their feelings. Here are some words and phrases that you must learn that are related to Valentine's day. The literal translation of the English phrase "I love you" in Mandarin Chinese is "wǒ ài nǐ" (我爱你).

However, this phrase is an extremely serious declaration of emotional attachment in Chinese and is rarely heard among native speakers. There are other ways to say "I love you" that are more commonly used. You can also use related phrases to express how much you care for someone without using those 3 serious words. More often, though, the Chinese express their love and affection for others nonverbally, through their actions and their behavior towards someone. The An Chuang usually takes place on an auspicious day and time, two to three days before the wedding. The combination symbolizes a sweet and long-lasting marriage blessed with fertility and well wishes.

Yu also explains that no one can sit or sleep in the bed until the couple returns together at the end of the night of the wedding. One aspect of relationships that you probably either find endearing or super annoying, is couples having nicknames for each other. Sure, a lot of people have nicknames based on their actual first names . But the nicknames you give your significant other are different.

These are used as ways to show affection for the other person — not trying to shorten their name. Like the relationship between yin and yang, a complementary relationship can be seen between these two views on gender. Thinkers such as Confucius, Mengzi, Xunzi, Dong Zhongshu, and Zhu Xi are often taken to represent Confucianism, which belongs to the first viewpoint. The Laozi and Zhuangzi have then been seen as opposed to these thinkers, and are representative of Daoism.

However, the actual relationship between these two "schools" is much more integrated. For example, Wang Bi wrote what is generally regarded as the standard commentary on the Laozi, and yet he considered Confucius to be a higher sage than Laozi. Similarly, actual Chinese social practices cannot be traced back to either Daoism or Confucianism exclusively, though one or the other may be more emphasized in particular cases. Taken as separate, they each highlight different aspects that, when integrated with one another, represent a whole.

Although they are sometimes read as opposing views, both are equally indispensable for comprehending Chinese culture and history. According to the "Xici Zhuan" section of the Book of Changes, qian is equated with the heavens, yang, power, and creativity, while kun is identified with the earth, yin, receptivity, and preservation. Their interaction generates all things and events in a way that is similar to the intercourse between males and females, bringing about new life. The Commentary on the Appended Phrases makes the link to gender issues clear by stating that both qian and kun have their own daos that are responsible for the male and female respectively.

The text goes on to discuss the interaction between the two, both cosmologically in terms of the heavens and earth and biologically in terms of the sexes. The conclusion is that their combination and interrelation is responsible for all living things and their changes. The intercourse between genders is a harmonization of yin and yang that is necessary not only for an individual's well-being, but also for the proper functioning of the cosmos. Interaction between genders is thus the primary mechanism of life, which explains all forms of generation, transformation, and existence. One's individual nature is largely influenced, and to some extent even generated, by one's cultural surroundings.

This also produces physiological properties that account for a wide variety of characteristics that are then reflected in aspects of gender, culture, and social status. Linked to the understanding of yin and yang as functionally codependent categorizations, differences between genders are characterized on the basis of their distinguishing features, and defined correlatively. This means that behavior and identity largely arise within the context of male-female relations. One's natural tendencies include gender identity as either xiong xing or ci xing , which one is supposed to cultivate accordingly.

Thus there are more physiological and cultural aspects to human tendencies, as well. In these diverse ways, Chinese philosophy emphasizes the difference between males and females, believing that each has their own particular aspects to offer, which are complementary and can be unified to form a harmonious whole . In the digital age, when hardly anything is private anymore, couples may value their pet names all the more. Bruess, who is about to come out with a book about families and social media, hypothesizes that couples savor the privacy of their nicknames and idioms even more today because so many other aspects of their lives have become public.

Formula For Volume Of Spherical Cap

The free vibration characteristic of spherical cap with general edge constraints is studied by means of a unified method. The energy method and Kirchhoff hypothesis are adopted to derive the formulas. The displacement function component along axial direction is still the Fourier series. In addition, the spring stiffness method forms a unified format to deal with various complex boundary conditions and the continuity conditions at two adjacent segments. Then, the final solutions can be obtained based on the Ritz method. To prove the validity of this method, the results of the same condition are compared with FEM, published literatures, and experiment.

The results show that the present method has the advantages of fast convergence, high solution accuracy, simple boundary simulation, etc. In addition, some numerical results of uniform and stepped spherical caps with various geometric parameters and edge conditions are reported. Meanwhile, many related investigations have been conducted on typical curved shells and structures, such as the GDQ method, Fourier–Ritz method, radial basis function method, and so on. Jouneghani et al. investigated vibrational behavior of doubly curved shells on the basis of first-order shear deformation theory considering porosities. Hamilton's principle and Navier's solution method were both utilized to derive the numerical results.

Wang et al. [7–9] analyzed vibration behavior of cylindrical shells on Pasternak foundation by means of Fourier–Ritz approach. Jin et al. [10–12] analyzed vibration behavior of cylindrical shells with general boundary restraints by means of a generalized solution. The vibration behavior of a thin cylindrical shell with simply supported edges was studied by Wu et al. by means of Hamilton's principle. Lagrange principle and Hamilton's principle were utilized by Hussain et al. to investigate vibration of cylindrical shell resting on Winkler and Pasternak elastic foundations.

Zhou et al. analyzed the free vibration features of cylindrical shells with elastic edge conditions. The method of wave propagations was utilized on the basis of Flügge thin shell theory. The author presented the displacement function by Chebyshev polynomials and Fourier series. Tornabene et al. presented the radial basis function method to study vibration behavior of composite curved cases. Brischetto et al. introduced the zig-zag function to overcome the discontinuity of displacement function; free vibration of curved plates was analyzed. In addition, a modal test was conducted to validate the dependability of the method.

Shi et al. analyzed vibration behavior of double-curved shallow shells with complex edges on the basis of the spectral-geometric Ritz method. The displacement component was expressed as the assembly of Fourier series and assistant functions. The reliability and exactness of the method was proved through the comparison between present method, FEM, and published literatures. Wang et al. also proposed a unified formulation to investigate vibration behavior of curved shells. In geometry, a spherical cap or spherical dome is a portion of a sphere or of a ball cut off by a plane. It is also a spherical segment of one base, i.e., bounded by a single plane.

If the plane passes through the center of the sphere, so that the height of the cap is equal to the radius of the sphere, the spherical cap is called a hemisphere. As we can see from the literature review, most studies mentioned above are restricted to classical edge constraints, such as clamped, hinged, and free boundary. To the authors' knowledge, few research studies have been conducted to study the vibration characteristics of uniform and stepped spherical caps with elastic edge conditions. Therefore, a unified method is necessary and meaningful to establish to solve the vibration behavior of uniform and stepped spherical caps with elastic edge conditions. On the basis of theory of thin shell and the domain decomposition method, spherical caps are separated into sections along the meridian direction.

The displacement components of spherical caps along meridian and circumferential directions are presented by Jacobi polynomials and Fourier series. The boundary restraints and the internal interfaces between two adjacent parts of spherical cap are simulated through the penalty method. Final solutions are derived on the basis of the Rayleigh–Ritz method. In geometry, a spherical cap, spherical dome, or spherical segment of one base is a portion of a sphere cut off by a plane.

If the plane passes through the center of the sphere, so that the height of the cap is equal to the radius of the sphere, the spherical cap is called a hemisphere . The nondimensional frequency parameters of the current method with different segments are compared with the results of FEM and related literature in Table 2. H/Rc and of spherical cap are, respectively, 0.005 and 60 degrees. The FEM analysis was conducted by means of ANSYS. The elastic support edge constraints are imitated by distributed springs which are made up by 160 COMBIN 14 elements. In addition, the spherical cap is composed of four-node element shell 63.

There are 120 and 180 shell elements along meridian and circumferential directions, respectively. The mesh of the spherical cap is fine enough to guarantee the accuracy. It can be concluded from Table 2 that the current method converges well when the shell segment is small.

When the shell segment reaches 4, convergence and exactness are completely fulfilled. As seen in the table, a many number of shell segments are not required in this study. The subsequent calculations will be conducted when the shell segment is set as 4. In addition, the tiny distinction between the current method, related literature, and FEM proves high accuracy of the current method. Altogether, the current method works well when handling vibration analysis of uniform and stepped spherical cap with general boundary conditions by means of a generalized solution. The spherical cap is no different but a part of the sphere itself that falls over the plane of a sphere.

If you know the values of the base area, radius, and the height of a sphere then this is easy to calculate the area of the shape. The other popular name for the spherical cap is spherical dome. Sometimes, you will be given the base radius and sometimes you will be given the value of sphere radius.

In geometry, a spherical cap or spherical dome is a portion of a sphere cut off by a plane. Spherical Cap is also referred as spherical dome, or spherical segment. The cap is the portion that lies above the plane of the sphere. If the plane passes through the center of the sphere, it is called as Hemisphere.

The spherical cap volume calculation can be easily done by knowing the base area and sphere height. Follow the below step by step tutorial on how to find the volume of a spherical cap with an example calculation. This function calculates the volume and surface area of a spherical cap. A spherical cap or spherical dome is a portion of a sphere cut off by a plane. Gautham and Ganesan conducted a research to deal with the free vibration characteristics of isotropic and laminated orthotropic spherical caps. Singh and Mirza studied the vibration characteristics of spherical shells with various boundary restraints by means of FEM.

Natural frequencies of spherical shells with different geometry parameters have been analyzed. Wu and Heyliger analyzed the free vibration of spherical caps on the basis of two-dimensional first-order shear deformable shell theory. Hermite interpolation polynomials and Fourier series were used in the azimuthal and circumferential direction, respectively. This spherical cap volume calculator helps you find the volume of spherical caps.

If you ever wondered how to find the volume of a spherical cap, this calculator is here to help you. In this article, you can also find the formulas for obtaining spherical cap volume. We will also explain how to calculate the volume of spherical cap with an example.

Figure 8 shows nondimensional frequency parameters Ω of uniform spherical cap with different center angles and boundary restraints . It is easy to find that with the increase of center angle, the frequency parameter of spherical cap decreases, especially when the center angle is smaller than 50 degrees. A spherical cap is a portion of a sphere cut off by a plane.

The radius of the sphere is called r, the radius of the base of the cap called a, and the height of the cap called h. Meanwhile, structures with stepped thickness exist widely in engineering application. The dynamic features of this kind of structure also attract researcher's attention. Qu et al. put forward the domain decomposition method to investigate vibration behavior of stepped and homogeneous conical shells with various boundary restraints.

Zhang and Xiang studied the vibration behavior of cylindrical shells with stepped thickness by means of the state-space technique and domain decomposition method. The influence of shell thickness ratios, locations of stepwise thickness variations, and step thickness ratios were also discussed. Fazzolari carried out an investigation of vibration characteristic of curved shells on the basis of the dynamic stiffness method and higher order shear deformation theory. Xie et al. combined Flügge's thin shell theory with the power series method to investigate vibration characteristic of stepped curved shells with different edge conditions.

Spherical caps have been widely used in many practical engineering branches, such as pressure vessels, dome-shaped structures, submarines, and nuclear power plants. These structures usually bear different extreme loads caused by wave, wind, and even earthquakes. The dynamic excitations caused excessive vibration and even resonance in complex environmental conditions. Therefore, the analysis of free vibration of spherical caps becomes really meaningful. If you ever wondered what's the volume of the Earth, soccer ball or a helium balloon, our sphere volume calculator is here for you. It can help to calculate the volume of the sphere, given the radius or the circumference.

Also, thanks to this calculator you can determine the spherical cap volume or hemisphere volume. Online calculator to calculate the volume of geometric solids including a capsule, cone, frustum, cube, cylinder, hemisphere, pyramid, rectangular prism, sphere and spherical cap. Frequency parameters Ω of stepped hemispherical cap with different boundary conditions using the current method and FEM. That is to say, stiffness values at this stage can ensure clamped boundary restraints. Meanwhile, when the stiffness values of boundary spring are less than 104, the boundary conditions can be seen as free. When the spring stiffness values are in the range of 105 to 109, the boundary conditions can be regarded as elastic.

In the current research, the spring stiffness matching with free and clamped boundary restraints is, respectively, set as 0 and 1014. The spring coefficient kb of elastic support is set as 108 in the current research unless otherwise stated. Thus, the spring stiffness values of the general edge conditions can be achieved as shown in Table 1. Shows the calculated bubble diameter versus fission density for three values of grain-boundary bubble density. The calculated bubble size increases for smaller values of the grain-boundary bubble density because of the larger number of gas atoms per bubble.

Almost all of the formulas for calculating the volume of a spherical cap use the radius of the sphere in the calculation. What if you don't know the radius of the sphere? You would need to construct two separated planes tangent to the surface of the sphere and run a perpendicular from each plane into the sphere. The center of the sphere would be where the two perpendiculars cross. From that you could calculate the radius of the sphere.

I suspect you are really asking about a spherical cap on each end of a horizontal cylindrical tank, as if taking the sphere in your picture and cutting a slice from it vertically. So for any given depth of liquid, you want the total volume of a part of a spherical cap and a partially filled cylinder . A spherical cap segment is the solid defined by cutting a sphere with a pair of parallel planes .

Volume Of Spherical Cap Proof It can be thought of as a spherical cap with the top truncated, and so it corresponds to a spherical frustum . The surface of the spherical segment is called spherical zone . A spherical cap is the region of a sphere which lies above a given plane. If the planepasses through the center of the sphere, the cap is a called a hemisphere, and if the cap is cut by a second plane, the spherical frustum is called a spherical segment. However, Harris and Stocker use the term "spherical segment" as a synonym for what is here called a spherical cap and "zone" for spherical segment. Frequency parameters Ω of uniform spherical cap with different center angles and boundary conditions.

Both new parts of a sphere will be called spherical caps. Basically, what you did is divide a circle using a plane and spherical caps are formed by a plane that is cutting a circle into two parts. There is no specific point where the plane can cut, it can cut in any direction but two new formed parts will be called spherical caps. Therefore, in simple words, a spherical cap is each of the parts of the sphere determined by a secant plane.

The spherical cap is the portion of a sphere that lies above a plane of the sphere. If the base area, height and the sphere radius is known then the volume can be found out of the particular portion. Spherical dome is the term used synonymously to the spherical cap. Figure 10 displays the relation between nondimensional frequency parameters Ω and stiffness of different elastic supports. In the previous clamped boundary restraint example, we soften the axial, radial, circumferential, and rotational spring stiffness continuously from 1014 to 100, respectively. The nondimensional frequencies Ω of the first circumferential mode and the first three meridian wavenumbers are considered.

The similar trend in Figure 4 is discovered again when considering axial and circumferential elastic supports, respectively. However, the changes of stiffness value of radial and rotational spring have little effect on the frequency parameters Ω. Nondimensional frequency parameter of stepped hemispherical cap with different edge conditions. Typical mode shapes of the spherical cap with free edge conditions using different methods.

Typical model test mode shapes of the spherical cap with free boundary restraint. Typical mode shapes of the spherical cap with free boundary restraint using FEM software. Typical mode shapes of the spherical cap with free boundary restraint using the current method.

Comparison of frequency parameters of uniform hemispherical cap subjected to different edge conditions. Which shows the calculated net flux of gas atoms to the grain boundary versus fission density for the three values of the gas-atom re-solution rate. When semi-circle is revolved around the diameter with less than 360-degree angle then the solid shape will be named as the spherical wedge.

At the same time, Spherical Lune is the total space occupied within a sphere and surrounded by two half circles that will meet further at antipodal points. You must be shocked what we meant by antipodal here. A spherical segment is the solid defined by cutting a sphere with a pair of parallel planes. It can be thought of as a spherical cap with the top truncated, and so it corresponds to a spherical frustum. In the current research, the continuity and the boundary restraints of spherical caps are simulated on the basis of the penalty method.